Biology- Reproduction in Organisms

Types of Asexual Mode of Reproduction

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XII Chemistry ( P Block elements)

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The p-Block elements:  Elements belonging to groups 13 to 18 of the periodic table are called p-block elements. General electronic configuration of p-block elements:  The p-block elements are characterized by the ns2np1-6 valence shell electronic configuration. Representative elements:  Elements belonging to the s and p-blocks in the periodic table are called the representative elements or main group elements. Inert pair effect:  The tendency of ns2 electron pair to participate in bond formation decreases with the increase in atomic size. Within a group the higher oxidation state becomes less stable with respect to the lower oxidation state as the atomic number increases. This trend is called ‘inert pair effect’. In other words, the energy required to unpair the electrons is more than energy released in the formation of two additional bonds. GROUP 15 ELEMENTS Nitrogen family:  The elements of group 15 – nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb) a...
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Chemistry - Topic taught 20 April

Electrochemistry  is the branch of chemistry which deals with the relationship between electrical energy and chemical energy and inter-conversion of one form into another. 2. An electrochemical cell  consists of two metallic electrodes dipped in electrolytic solutions. The cells are of two types: (a) Electrolytic cells (b) Galvanic cells 3. A galvanic cell  consists of two half cells. Each half cell contains an electrolytic solution and a metallic electrode.The electrode at which- oxidation takes place is called an anode and the electrode at which reduction takes place is called the cathode. The half-cells are separated from each other by means of a porous pot or a salt bridge. What is Salt Bridge? A salt bridge is a device used in an electrochemical cell for connecting its oxidation and reduction half cells wherein a weak electrolyte is used. In other words, a salt bridge is a junction that connects the anodic and cathodic compartments in a cell or electrolytic solution....
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